Topics in Ethics for Truck Companies and Hotels - myassignmenthelp

Question: Talk about theTopics in Ethics for Truck Companies and Hotels. Answer: Presentation: One of the most noteworthy divisions of the Australian Economy is the vehicle and the coordinations part. It is evaluated as an estimation of a measure of $95.4 billion. In the year 2015-16, it was liable for including a measure of $39.26 Billion to the Australian Economy. A greater part of the residents of Australia are subject to the vehicle business and even a little change will undoubtedly influence the business, the residents just as the general economy of Australia and it is will undoubtedly prompt noteworthy impacts. Practically a large portion of a million people are utilized in the divisions of coordinations, street transport, warehousing just as stevedoring. The class of people getting generally influenced by the change are the truck drivers and the associated organizations. Organizations like the truck organizations, inns and comparable undertakings would be profited by these changes. This is on the grounds that they would pick up the most extreme measure of benefits in view of the cost decrease. The issues would be looked by the ordinary individuals in any case, and they would lose their customary positions due to such innovative turns of events (Sanchez, 2015). Utilitarianism Theory: A demonstration of utilitarianism is what gives the most extreme measure of utility to a more noteworthy number of individuals. It is then viewed as ethically right or reasonable as the results of the activity are will undoubtedly be acceptable. It is normal for each person to have an own decision or the usual way of doing things of performing anything in their lives. There will undoubtedly be a response to each activity too. In this manner it is important to have a determinant of value to find out the results. The utility hypothesis can be characterized as something that an individual feels in the event of something he achieves. It would thus be able to be said that the best activities end up being gainful for a larger part of the individuals while antagonistic activities sway the individuals adversely and furthermore cause them to endure (Scanlon, 1982). A bigger portion of the populace would be influenced by the Driverless Trucks which is essentially a specialized headway. This is on the grounds that a lot of employments would be lost hence. It tends to be said then again that this circumstance would make a specific more extravagant fragment of the populace upbeat. It was during the mechanical move towards the idea of the driverless vehicles that the economy would be affected. This would be because of the move towards the driverless vehicles. Gigantic measure of enduring is because of the joblessness of the individuals. So the antagonism ought to be forestalled however much as could reasonably be expected to stop the affliction and keep away from it as much as should be possible (Smart Williams, 1973). Dominant part of the individuals should be shielded from such sorts of pessimism. The types of abuse and worker misuse ought to likewise be halted. The rising interest of employments ought not be refered to as a reason for such abuse. Poor administration represents the mishaps (Donaldson Dunfee, 1994). Deontology Theory: Hypotheses like Utilitarianism just as consequentialism are restricted by the hypothesis of Deontology. It isn't worried about the result of the activity and just is made a big deal about the ethical commitments, which is its significant contrast with different hypotheses as they are stressed over the results. Certain standards are determinant of the decisions of the ethical quality. One of the ethical commitments of extremely individual is the deontology hypothesis. This hypothesis needs an individual to keep the standards and the guidelines without making a big deal about any kind of results. It regularly happens that organizations orchestrate the approaches aiding the guideline of the expenses for long haul benefit expansion. The outcomes ought not be stressed over in these unique situations and standards ought to be carefully clung to in this association. Contingent upon the standards and their correspondence, the driverless trucks can be viewed as paying little mind to the loss of employments and even the conceivable outcomes of mishaps. This doesn't consider the activity misfortune caused due to the operational change. The obligations and the ethical commitments are obediently satisfied in the deontology hypothesis. Ethicalness Theory: This hypothesis is worried about the idea of reasoning ethically and morally. The activities of the people should be appropriately investigated dependent on the moral methodology and consequently the individual attributes are the significant parts of reasoning morally. The plausible good temperances that are found in people incorporate those of attentiveness, sympathy, liberality, benevolence, charity, supportiveness. The ideals and individual has are determinant of a people character. So as to be ethically right, every individual needs to comply with these standards. It can unmistakably be said in this association that the presentation of driverless trucks is totally untrustworthy as in this situation the rich are more worried about their joy than the circumstance of those people whose lives are reliant on the truck drivers just as the drivers. The progression of the driverless trucks is totally against the specific qualities, for example, mindful, thought, liberality just as the thought of the individuals who are influenced by loss of occupations (Zagzebski, 2010). Agreement Theory: Agreement hypothesis is worried about things that take a shot at authoritative premise. It is essentially the agreement between the operator and the chief guaranteeing their trust with an understanding. It is fundamentally a financial wonder which helps in the investigation of the legally binding understandings of various gatherings in the general public they live in. The agreement hypothesis likewise helps in keeping up a hole between the events and the desires. The hypothesis likewise includes a calculation which brings about a superior choice aiding in the amplification of a result. This hypothesis is worried about everything which is managed without the separation of any kind of value. Just in circumstances in which people are given the best possible offices, he will know about the profound quality just as will keep up great conduct and attributes. The various sorts of business would be worried about clear standards just as rules of working. The utilized principles would help maintaining human rights just as the privileges of jobs. On the off chance that it is discovered that there are any sort of changes the truck proprietor or driver assumes the liability as per the conditions of the agreement. On the off chance that the workers just as the organizations keep up the pre characterized rules and guidelines, at that point the presentation of the driverless trucks may prompt the infringement of the rights. It may likewise cause mishaps and deadly events. End: The speculations talked about above express the positive just as the negative hypotheses of the driverless truck innovation. The hypotheses that advocate the privileges of the more prominent populace are Utilitarian hypothesis, authoritative hypothesis, and goodness hypothesis. These hypotheses express that on the off chance that the quantity of occupations is extremely low or nil, there is no degree for the privileges of the individuals. The main hypothesis that doesn't consider the outcomes of the presentation of driverless trucks is the deontological hypothesis. It can't be overlooked that the presentation of the driverless trucks would cause loss of enormous number of occupations of the drivers of the side of the road, gas stations, transport, bistros and so on. The persevering individuals clearly need employments of a similarly better quality on the off chance that they lose their current positions. It would thus be able to be inferred that everyone's benefit of the populace should be remembered while managing the innovative progression. References: Donaldson, T., Dunfee, T. W. (1994). Toward a bound together origination of business morals: Integrative implicit agreements hypothesis. Foundation of the board audit, 19(2), 252-284. Spot, K. R. (2010). A subjective assessment of advertising professional moral dynamic and the deontological hypothesis of moral issues the board. Diary of Mass Media Ethics, 25(3), 226-245. Sanchez, D. (2015). Aggregate advancements: Autonomous vehicles. Australian Council of Learned Academies, Melbourne, Australia. Scanlon, T. M. (1982). Contractualism and utilitarianism. Utilitarianism and past, 103, 110. Savvy, J. J. C., Williams, B. (1973). Utilitarianism: For and against. Cambridge University Press. Zagzebski, L. (2010). Exemplarist ideals hypothesis. Metaphilosophy, 41(1?2), 41-57.

Answer 3 history questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Answer 3 history questions - Essay Example Be that as it may, Lincoln’s resilience in the issue was censured by the Radical republicans who were of the nonattendance of any Black social equality in the Presidential Plan. After all the Blacks were liberated after the Civil War, the Radicals were presently requesting more prominent rights for them as equivalent Americans. Abraham Lincoln was the killed in 1865 after which President Andrew Johnson passed lawmaking bodies in the Southern states which constrained the privileges of Blacks to a lot of codes. Subsequently, the period under the organization of President Johnson saw laws confining Black rights and supporting the mastery of the Whites (Public Broadcasting Service a, n.pag.). Alongside help from President Johnson and his prohibitive Black codes, the Southerners attempted to keep up subjugation generally. Outrage emitted in the North against the out of line dark codes detrimentally affecting the help for the Presidential Reconstruction. Backing for the Radical wing of the Republicans expanded and in the following congressional appointment of 1866, the Radical republicans won. A gigantic larger part of seats won by them permitted them to impact the Reconstruction in the Congress. Besides, it could override any refusals of consents made by Johnson. In the Reconstruction Act went in 1867, five Southern Confederate states were isolated into military areas and gave a system of how the administration would be sorted out. Southern states were likewise recommended to approve the Fourteenth Amendment to permit equivalent rights and security for the Black slaves before they were readmitted to the Union. Following the Reconstruction Act the Blacks gained a state in the administration guidelines which was a momentous advance throughout the entire existence of the American governmental issues. A long time later, in any case, counterrevolutionary players including the Ku Klux Klan would cause inversion of the enactments achieved by the Radical Republicans in this way prodding up threatening vibe and racial oppression in the Southern States (Public Broadcasting Service a, n.pag.). The 1925 film The Birth of a Nation outlined a similar time of the Southern states after the American Civil War. The film twisted the truth of the Reconstruction time frame by demonstrating the Blacks as overwhelming the Whites in the South in this way giving glorification of the Ku Klux Klan (Public Broadcasting Service b, n.pag.). 2. John Gast’s painting Manifest Destiny, otherwise called the American Progress, is a distinctive introduction of the American West in the nineteenth century. The composition shows the headways in innovation as the regular travois utilized by Native Americans is trailed by a wagon and afterward a horse express. Railways can likewise be seen where the trains are going over the rails. With the development of railways after the American Civil War, the West was opened up for pioneers across America just as different mainlands . When seen consecutively, the artwork exhibits the American Progress all things considered with the Native Americans coming in their travois before the European and American pioneers came in their carriages and communicates. At that point after them came the ranchers and different pilgrims from different pieces of the nation by means of railways in trains. White pioneers showed up from the East intersection the Mississippi while the African American pilgrims originated from the

Asking Friends and Family to Embrace Change

Asking Friends and Family to Embrace Change Change isn’t easy. More often than not, we don’t change because we get in our own way. Other times we don’t make a change because we’re afraid of what people will think about us, afraid of what they will say about us, afraid they will treat us differently. Ultimately, we are afraid of rejection. When we approached minimalism, we realized many of our closest friends and family members were supportive of the changes we wanted to make; and in other cases, many of them were neutral bystanders, ambivalent to the simplification going on around us. In some instances, some of the people closest to us didn’t approve of our new paths: some of these people mistook the journey on which we were embarking as a direct attack on their way of life, as if by questioning our lives we were also questioning their lives. Clearly this was not our intent: our journey involved questioning our lives, not theirs. We were simply looking for happiness, using minimalism as a tool to search for deeper meaning. Yet some people thought the changes we were making were silly, stupid, and even crazy (literally). We had worked hard for more than a decade to accumulate all these nice material possessions, big houses, fancy cars, “important” job titles, and the American Dream, all of which was supposed to make us happy, right? When the consumerist, over-indulgent lives we were leading didn’t make us happy, there had to be something wrong with us. At least that’s what the naysayers said: Maybe Joshua Ryan went crazy. Maybe they are experiencing a mid-midlife crisis. Maybe they joined a cult (someone actually accused us of joining a cult, likening minimalism to Jonestown and Branch Davidian). We had to explain a few things to these naysayers It’s not you, it’s me. We’ve all heard this line before. It has been parodied a thousand times, but there is a profound truth to be discovered here. We weren’t questioning anyone else’s lifestyle but our own. Many people weren’t happy with their own situations, and they aspired to be like us because they thought we “had it figured out.”  We didn’t have it figured out, though, and that frustrated some people because we were who they wanted to emulate: we had the material possessions, the salaries, the awards, the facade of power, the fast-track to corporate success. We looked around us, though, and realized most of the people above us, people several rungs higher on the corporate ladder, weren’t happy, eitherâ€"they were far less happy than we were. What were we supposed to doâ€"keep working exceptionally hard and aspire to continue to be unhappy? It’s all right to tell naysayers you’re making changes in your life so you can be happy. Better yet, you can do wh at we did and ask those naysayers a question: “You want me to be happy, don’t you?” Circumstances change. If our 28-year-old selves could have time-traveled back to 1999 to tell our eighteen-year-old selves about everything we were going to “accomplish”  over the next decade, the teenage Joshua Ryan would have been elated. You mean I’m going to have this, that, and this? You mean I’ll be able to afford this? The happiness would have soon faded, though, and by 28 (or perhaps much sooner) an overwhelming cloak of discontent would have enveloped our lives. That’s because circumstances change, and thus, we must change: we must continue to evolve and grow if we expect to be happy. What adds value to your life today, may not add value to your life tomorrow. You, too, can change. Minimalism may not be the answer for you. If you’re not happy, though, you, too, can build your change muscle and, over time, change your circumstances. There are many paths to happiness; minimalism simply allowed us to clear the clutter from our paths so we could find that happiness sooner. Show people the benefits. As we journeyed further down our paths, many of the naysayers jumped on board. Not because we asked them toâ€"we’ve never asked anyone to embrace minimalismâ€"but because they saw the happiness we’d welcomed into our lives. They saw that for the first time in our adult lives we were truly excited, joyous, and content with who we were. They saw that perhaps we didn’t have it figured out before, and maybe we didn’t have it figured out now, but we certainly appeared to be on the right track. The actions alone didn’t convince them, but once they saw the benefits, they better understood the changes we’d undergone. There were, however, some relationships we had to get rid of: it wasn’t easy, but certain peopleâ€"friends and familyâ€"weren’t adding value to our lives, they were sources of negativity, and they prevented us from growing. We treated this option as a last resort, but it’s important to know that, as we grow, even our relationships can change. Today, many of our old friends are still our friendsâ€"while others are notâ€"but we’ve also established new, empowering relationships that encourage our constant growth and help us enjoy what we contribute to the relationship. Read this essay and 150 others in our new book, Essential.

The Role Of Schools In Early Childhood Education - 1022 Words

The role of schools in early childhood education is that they should present high quality free and universal education. Schools should be providing children with the opportunity to attend Pre-K as well as Kindergarten. According to Erlbaum (1983), â€Å"Children who attend preschool are less often retained in grade and placed in special education, and they more often graduate from high school.† Enrolling a child in a Pre-K program introduces children to the academic skills that are a necessity when transitioning from Pre-K to Kindergarten and the academic years to come. The school years from Pre-K to the third grade are extremely important because during this time children are developing crucial cognitive and social-emotional skills which lay†¦show more content†¦Teachers need to be aware of early education issues and also have a high amount of knowledge in child development in order to educate children. Teachers are mentors and counselors for children. Children need to know that they are being guided by educators who support, respect, are patient, and care for them. In order to support children’s development we need to encourage, praise, compliment and support them so that they can experience and learn new things. Louis Torelli, Early Childhood Environmental Design Specialist, explains in Early Essentials Webisode 7 â€Å"Environments† that the most important element of a child’s environment is the teacher, who is the caregiver. Torelli tells us that the environment can help the teacher support the emotional needs of a child and support the relationships in the classroom between each other and with the teacher as well. If children feel secure they will be capable of continuously exploring and discovering new things. According to Nebraska’s Department of Education (2011), a teacher should provide curriculum that is developmentally appropriate and that should â€Å"Encourage each child to think, reason, question, and experiment; Foster both receptive and expressive language development and provide early literacy experiences; Include exploratory play in a language and literacy-rich environment during a majority of the daily schedule;†. The curriculum and role teachers play in educating children supports theShow MoreRelatedProfessional Development in Early Childhood Education Essay1320 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals who play the key and an active role in their early childhood development are teacher professionals who have a passion and a genuine desire to help them learn, grow and succeed in their education. These are just a few roles that early childhood educators plays in the field of early childhood education for working with young children in their early childhood years of life, which the requirements, most of the time, are to have both a formal education and passing teacher-certification scoreRead MoreGood Communication Skills are Essential for Early Childhood Education1306 Words à ‚  |  6 PagesGood communication skills form a critical element of early childhood education. Communication consists of two main styles: Verbal and non-verbal. These styles of communication form the foundation of effective teaching and learning within the early childhood forum. A good early childhood educator will enhance learning and development with an extensive knowledge of both the verbal and non-verbal elements of communication. An early childhood educator will understand what constitutes good communicationRead MoreAcademic Philosophy Of Early Childhood Education1356 Words   |  6 Pagesacademic performance in schools is not only based on the type of schools attended by them, children exposed to early education are expected to outperform those that were not. This paper focused on Philosophy of Early Childhood Education with interest on whether Children with early education perform well academically than those that do not. In most countries in West Africa, parents take th eir children to preschools before going through primary education. This preschool education usually prepares themRead MoreHuman History Literacy Rates Have Continued Essay1699 Words   |  7 PagesHuman history literacy rates have continued to hike. Children now attend school than at any other point in history. Although nations have made immense progress, many are still far from reaching the universal goals of education. The importance of early education cannot be emphasized enough. As famous scholars had noted in human history, education is the precondition for success and unconstrained prospects. Educated citizens are the foundation for a nation’s sustainable economic and social developmentRead MoreThe Impact Of Early Childhood Education On Child Development1298 Words   |  6 PagesImpact of Early Childhood Education on Child Development Over the past century, the role of education has greatly increased in areas all over Canada. It has grown in not just in the number of students attending, but also in the ways it has been offered. Before the 1960’s, the education of children consisted solely of parenting done at home (Molnar, 2002, p. 2). Over time, due to the growing importance of education, schools have slowly begun to target younger and younger generations. As a resultRead MoreLeadership Of A Leader And A Manager1302 Words   |  6 Pagesleadership in early childhood has been plagued by its confusion with the concept of management† (Rodd, 2013, p. 19). The quotation highlights the overlapping of different roles of leadership and management. It is true in respect that people misunderstand the true nature, roles and responsibilities of both the roles because the educational leaders play the role of manager in early childhood setting and the managers perform the duties of educational leader. The follow ing essay will discuss the role of theRead MoreEarly Childhood Education Essay1573 Words   |  7 PagesThe education of the young mind is an important step in preparing the child for future learning experiences. The evolution of early childhood education has changed how adults and parents view the importance of offering stimulating and exciting opportunities to the very young. Early childhood Education offers the young child learning experiences that benefit them throughout their educational career. They soon embark on a whole new world of learning. These children are not only experiencing standardRead MoreEssay On Investing In Our Children1107 Words   |  5 PagesCurrie, J. (1999). Investing in Our Children: What We Know and Don’t Know about the Costs and Benefits of Early Childhood Interventions. Journal of Health Politics, Policy, and Law, 24(6), 1406-1409. doi:10.1215/03616878-24-6-1406 The above reference focus on the aspect of Investing in children Through research there are increasing evidences during the first years after birth, there is a particularly important in child development that present opportunities for enrichment, but also vulnerabilitiesRead MoreJohn Dewey and early childhood education1691 Words   |  7 Pageswith children in a pre-school setting. â€Å"Education is not preparation for life. Education is life itself.† – John Dewey (1859-1952) (Ministry of Education, Singapore, 2003) The set of Desired Outcomes of Pre-school Education that the Ministry of Education(MOE) had put together in 2003 highlighted the significant importance of pre-school education being the platform for lifelong learning. It’s intention were far beyond preparation of these children merely for Primary School curriculum (Wong,2000)Read MoreThe Early Childhood Development Of Australia1269 Words   |  6 Pagesrecent years the early childhood sector in Australia has undergone a number of legislative and organizational changes, which have impacted on the overall structure of service provision in Australia. Initiatives introduced by the federal government have changed the face of childcare from simple ‘child minding’ services, to full early childhood educational facilities, offering comprehensive age specific ‘high quality’ educational curriculum, which cover all ages and stages of early childhood development

Literary Analysis Of The Cranes - 1467 Words

Caitlin Porter Mrs. Sondag IB Language September 29, 2017 Literary Analysis of â€Å"The Cranes† To love and to be loved is one of the most powerful ideas that is desired by so many within society. True love is something that many people hope to find, but very few are actually successful. While it may be difficult to discover this within our own lives, literature has developed its own role regarding love stories within society. Everyone is drawn to a good love story, a love story that leaves a lasting impression on the reader. Take Romeo and Juliet, while the play was wrote so long ago, the impression had lasted a lifetime all because of the love story that it told. All throughout history this has been taking place and there has†¦show more content†¦But whooping cranes, they’re rare. Not many left† ( Meinke 5-6). The man was not only referring to the birds during this time but also his love for his wife. As they continued to watch the birds they began reminiscing on their younger years together. â€Å"She turne d her head from the window and looking into his eyes. â€Å"I never got tired of listening to you. Never†Ã¢â‚¬  (Meinke 16-17). Through the fighting with a priest and the sickness that has come upon the couple, they never have stopped loving each other. This a love that is unconditional, a love that is true. A love that continues to love with everything that they have no matter what. A love that never gets tired of the other, even if they’ve been together for countless years. A love that is rare, like the whooping cranes. As the day went on and more time passed the wife worried that they were making a mistake, but the husband quickly reassured her. â€Å"I can’t smoke, can’t drink martinis, no coffee, no candy† (Meinke 7-8). Over the years, as they became older certain things such as drinking and smoking were no longer activities that they could partake in. Health issues were clearly apparent and living life a day longer was not something that the y wanted. They wanted to leave together, because a couple with a love as rare as the whooping cranes could not be separated. Another idea that is expressed throughout â€Å"The Cranes† is the idea that the cranes mate for life, which is very symbolic with regardsShow MoreRelateda dark brown dog Essay example899 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Alicia Rush Don Godfrey ENGL 1510 â€Å"A Dark Brown Dog† Analysis In Stephen Crane’s short story of â€Å"A Dark Brown Dog†, he writes about a young boy who finds, neglects, and befriends a ragged puppy, with a rope dragging the ground, when they meet. The boy takes fun in abusing the puppy, but when he tires of this he makes his way home. The puppy, even though the boy was not nice, starts to follows the boy home. When arriving home the boy defends the puppy to claiming him as his own. 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Henry does indeed end up deserting his comrades however he ultimately overcomes his guilt and becomes one of the best fighters in his regiment. In order to depict a realistic and relatable war scene, Crane includes Henry’sRead MoreNaturalism in Stephen Cra nes Maggie: a Girl of the Streets1630 Words   |  7 PagesNaturalism in Stephen Crane’s â€Å"Maggie: A Girl of the Streets† â€Å"Maggie: A Girl of the Streets,† is a novella written by Stephen Crane and published in the year 1893. This work was published during the time of the Industrial Revolution, when factories were appearing everywhere. Their workers were often not paid enough to lead a decent life, and suffered from their situation. They were not very civilized and sometimes aggressive in their behavior. Perhaps because of this radical change from a more agriculturalRead More Red Badge of Courage Essay: Isolation751 Words   |  4 PagesIsolation in The Red Badge of Courage      Ã‚   Stephen Cranes literary technique has long been a matter of analysis and speculation. In The Red Badge of Courage Crane takes us into the life of a young man named Henry Fleming, who wants to enlist in the Army and fight in the war against the South. By using irony, similes, and symbols, Crane paints a vivid picture of what life was like for the fragile Henry Fleming. He opens our eyes to the vast reasons of separation for Fleming, and why he livedRead MoreNaturalism : Realism And Naturalism1659 Words   |  7 Pagessociety. In the case of the writers of Naturalism, the main one was determinism, that is, the proof that human beings are influenced by their environment, by the moment they live and by their race. Another literary tendency whose concern has been to make literature an instrument for social analysis, not entertainment for the privileged classes. By trying to prove by means of fiction the validity of deterministic scientific theses, Naturalism is not considered, from the point of view of some scholarsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Youngest Daughter 1429 Words   |  6 Pagesprior to the assigning of this paper. In Song’s â€Å"The Youngest Daughter†, we are introduced to a variety of meanings in which an analysis full of depth is required to clearly interpret and understand what it is that the speaker is attempting to bring across through the use of clever diction. The poem in itself also contains a compilation of carefully puzzle together literary techniques that are taught to be broken down to provide a good understanding of a work of literature to its readers. 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Slavery in Brazil Free Essays

Edmund Burke, the acclaimed author and philosopher once said, â€Å"Slavery is a weed that grows on every soil. † Between the 16th and 19th century in the Americas, millions on millions of slaves were brought to the New World. There purpose was to work. We will write a custom essay sample on Slavery in Brazil or any similar topic only for you Order Now The economy of most European colonies in America was dependent on slaves. The land that was discovered in Americas was useless with out sufficient slave labor to exploit it. In this essay, I will focus on two nations where slavery played an enormous role in the development of that country. First, The United States, where in 1860 in South Carolina over 50 percent of the population were slaves. Next, Brazil, the nation where about one third of all salves from Africa were brought. In this essay I will compare slavery in The United States to slavery in Brazil, I will dissect the similarities and differences while focusing on why and how the slaves came, the demographic and religious aspects, the treatment of the slaves, and the aftermath on both countries due to slavery. Around the year 1530 the Portuguese came to Brazil in search of land and natural resources, specifically sugar. As the Portuguese and the indigenous people of Brazil battled for land, the Brazilians resisted against being enslaved. As the Portuguese presence grew in Brazil so did disease, causing the death of most of the working indigenous people. As the number of sugar plantations grew, the demand for workers did as well. This is the main reason why Brazil began to import slaves from Africa. Although the origin of slaves in The United States was similar to Brazil, there were some differences. In the year 1619, only around 10 years after the British began to colonize US, a Dutch slave trader exchanged about 20 Africans for food in Jamestown, Virginia. Like Brazil, the U. S needed workers for plantations, but while Brazil focused on the sugar plantations, the U. S was focused on the tobacco plantations. In general, both Brazil and the U. S lacked a major resource in order to maintain a strong economy, that resource being workers. Although Brazil used more slaves towards sugar and the U. S used more towards tobacco, in general the slaves worked in mines or they worked in a sugar, rice, tobacco, or cotton plantation. Although the U. S played a larger role in the process, both Brazil and the U. S participated in the Triangular Slave Trade. Some say the Triangular Slave Trade is the reason why 10 to 15 million of Africans were shipped to the Americas between 1650 and 1860. The slave trade was simple yet wrong on so many levels. The slave trade took several different routes, but there were two popular ones. The most common route would first start in Europe where the Europeans would trade manufactured goods for slaves in Africa. Next, the slaves were transported across the Atlantic Ocean to Brazil and the Caribbean where the slaves were sold for huge profits or traded for sugar, coffee, and tobacco. The journey from Africa to the Americas was known as the middle passage. Olaudah Equiano was a slave captured and sold into slavery. In his book, The Life of Olaudah Equiano the African, when describing the middle passage he writes, â€Å"I was soon put down under the decks, and there I received such a greeting in my nostrils as I had never experienced in my life; I became so sick and low that I was not able to eat. I now wished for the last friend, death, to relieve me; but soon, to my grief, two of the white men offered me eatables; and, on my refusing to eat, one of them held me fast by the hands, and laid me across, The white people looked and acted, as I thought, in so savage a manner; for I had never seen among my people such instances of brutal cruelty. The closeness of the place, and the heat of the climate, almost suffocated us. The air soon became unfit for respiration, from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died. The shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, rendered the whole a scene of horror almost inconceivable. As you can tell, the conditions were brutal to say the least. Another popular triangular route taken was ships from the U. S colonies would take rum and other products to Africa in exchange for Slaves. From there, the slaves were taken to Brazil and the Caribbean and sold for profit or sold for sugar and molasses to take back to the U. S where then the sugar and molasses was sold to rum makers. In general, the slave trade was horrific and inhumane, however, it is the reason that the U. S and Brazil were able to maintain a steady economy. Although there were many similarities between the Brazilian slaves and the U. S slaves, there were quite a few specific differences as well. One of the largest differences in slavery between Brazil and the U. S was demographic. Generally speaking, the Brazilian slaves were usually decreasing while the U. S slaves were usually increasing. This is due to several reasons. First, the Brazilians had a much lower proportion of female slaves compared to the U. S who had an equal sex ratio. In Brazil, due to the lack of female slaves, they had a much lower birth rate then the U. S did. Both the death rate and suicide rate was also higher in Brazil compared to the U. S. Due to the low birthrate and the high death rate, Brazil had trouble to maintain a population resulting in having to continuously import slaves. On the other hand, the average number of children born to an early 19th century U. S slave woman was 9. 2; this is twice as many as Brazil and the Caribbean. All these reasons are why Brazil had a much larger number of recent arrivals from Africa while the U. S had a predominately American slave born population. Also, this is why out of the millions and millions of Africans who were brought to the New World, over one-third landed in Brazil and between 60 and 70 percent ended up in Brazil or the sugar colonies of the Caribbean. According to Henry John Temple, the well-known British Prime Minister of the 19th century, he suggests that there were about 3,000,000 slaves in Brazil in the 19th century. Although it is hard to know the exact number, most historians agree that it was around 3,000,000, which would be about forty percent of the whole population. On the other side, in 1860, the slaves in the U. S were only about 13 percent of the entire population. Generally speaking, in Brazil slaves worked on much larger plantations then in the U. S. Most Brazilian plantations held about 150 slaves per plantation. In the U. S, it was quite different. According to Carl Deglar, who wrote, Slavery in Brazil and the United States, he states, â€Å"Out of all the plantations in the U. S, more the half the slaves worked on units with 20 slaves or less. † In the U. S it would not be uncommon for the slaves to deal with their owners on a daily basis, while in Brazil some worked on plantations with hundreds and hundreds of other slaves where it would be rare to encounter your owner. When comparing Brazil and the U. S today, the demographic differences during the days of slavery is one of the main reasons why the two countries are so different One may think that since the slaves were brought to the U. S and Brazil for similar reasons then they all were treated the same, had the same rights, and were viewed the same. Although this is by no means entirely false, there are a few specific differences on how the slaves were treated in the US compared to how the slaves were treated in Brazil. Religion among the slaves was vital for some while non-existent for others. In the U. S, religion was discouraged for the slaves. The average white American slave owner thought there was no need to ever have a slave practice a religion. This could be due to the fact that nowhere in the Catholic Christian teachings does it say it’s acceptable to enslave and treat a fellow Christian as the owners were treating their slaves. In 1831, Virginia passed a law stating, â€Å"Slaves and free Negroes were forbidden to preach, exhort or teach in any prayer-meeting or other association for worship where slaves of different families are collected together on penalty of not more than thirty-nine lashes. In Brazil, the Christianity of a slave was viewed quite different. Some slave owners even viewed it as an essential for a slave to work on his farm. In some cases the slaves would even have to perform a religious ritual even before they stepped foot in Brazil. Instead of being viewed as complete property, the slaves in Brazil were given a chance to practice a religion, in pa rticular, practice the teachings of the Catholic Church. The slaves that departed from Angola, Africa to Brazil were baptized before they got on board the ship. When they arrived in Brazil, the slaves were acknowledged as baptized and had to begin learning the prayers, doctrines, and functions of the Church. In Brazil, marriage was actually acceptable and valid. In 1711, the Constituicoes Primeiras of the Archbishopric of Bahia reaffirmed the legitimacy of marriages between slaves, and between free persons and slaves. According to the Constituicoes, masters could not prevent their slaves from marrying, nor could they separate them once they had wed. Although this may sound promising, it sounds better then it actually was. Most slave owners did not abide by the law that you could not separate a married slave. In general, they still viewed them more as property then people. According to Fernando Henrique Cardoso, the former president of Brazil, he states, â€Å"Of the 660,000 slaves in all of Brazil in 1875, who were 14 years or older, only about 1 out of 6 was recorded as married or widowed. † In terms of religion, it is true that the Brazilian slaves had more rights then the U. S slaves, but not by much. As you can see both the U. S and Brazilian slave owners were more determined on making profit by making the slaves strenuously work then anything else. Although both Brazil and U. S slave owners had complete ownership and control over their slave, the way they treated them did differ between countries. Theoretically, both Brazil and the U. S had laws against murder, abuse, and over working the slave. The difference is, generally speaking, in Brazil some of those laws were carried out while in the U. S, it was rare to see anyone ever defend a slave. In the U. S, the slave owner acted as the judge and jury for any issue involving his slave. In Brazil, a slave had somewhat of a right to a jury. For instance, say a slave owner murdered his slave in the U. S. In most cases it would go unheard of, but even if it were taken to court, it would have been extremely rare if the owner were prosecuted for anything. Now, if a slave owner murdered his slave in Brazil, by law the court should have prosecuted the case as if the slave was a free man. Although it may sound that slavery in Brazil was a lot less harsh, in reality, this judicial approach in Brazil is what should have happened, but as you can guess, it rarely ever did. Henry Koster, a famous German author and film director, in his novel, Travels to Brazil, he states, â€Å"occasionally a cruel master was fined for maltreating his slaves but, I have never heard of a punishment having been carried farther then this trifling manner of correction. † Although by law, the Brazilians compared to the U. S had stricter laws protecting the slaves, when it comes down to the truth, in both countries the slave was viewed more as property then human, mistreating your slave was seen as mistreating your property. One of the biggest differences when comparing U. S slavery to Brazilian slavery concerns manumission. Manumission, meaning the act of freeing a slave, was undoubtedly less common in the U. S compared to Brazil. The number proportion of free slaves in Brazil compared to the number proportion to free slaves in the U. S proves that manumission was more frequent in Brazil. In 1818, for every one free African in Brazil, there were only three slaves. This ratio is compared to with that in the U. S in 1860, when for every one free African, there were eight slaves. By 1872, the number of free Africans in Brazil was more then double the amount that were still slaves. The numbers show that there’s indisputable evidence to prove that manumission was more frequent in Brazil. It is important to note that Brazilian slave owners were freeing the sick and the old more so then the U. S, however, the sick and the old simply would not have been capable to produce offspring in numbers to explain the large number of free Africans in Brazil. Marvin Harris, the famous American anthropologist, along with many other historians suggests another explanation to why there were such a higher percentage of free Africans in Brazil compared to The United States. As stated before, in Brazil in the late 19th century, the free Africans greatly outnumbered the slaves. The big difference was that Brazil needed those free Africans in order to maintain their economy. The free black slaves in Brazil produced food, were craftsmen, and even slave catchers. They performed the tasks that slave labor was too hard to achieve and the whites thought they were too good to do. This was not the occurrence in The United States. First, the U. S was importing more food rather then growing it like Brazil did, and the food that was being produced in the U. S was produced by whites in the South and Northwest. Also, the U. S had enough white men to perform the tasks that the free Africans in Brazil were doing. Therefore, for the U. S there was no economic reason for the whites to turn towards manumission as Brazil did. It did not matter if you were a slave in Brazil, The United States, Caribbean, Central America, or anywhere else, something that they all had in common was the attempt to run and become a free man. Some succeeding, some did not. In Brazil, escaped slaves formed communities like the ones they were forced to leave in their homeland. These communities were called quilombos. Compared to the U. S, the slaves in Brazil had a greater and a better chance for escape. The number of escaped slaves, the number of revolts, and the size of the quilombos were all greater in Brazil. Although there were plenty of revolts and escapes in the US, generally speaking, there were fewer participants then Brazil. In most of The United States, the climate was to cold in the winter to survive on your own compared to Brazil where the climate was reasonable. Also, Brazil was full of forests to hide in compared to the U. S where the areas were policed heavier. The large quilomobs communities in Brazil may contribute to the fact that today, in Brazil the blacks are seen as Brazilians while in certain parts of The United States, the blacks are still seen as Africans. During the days of slavery, discrimination towards blacks was clearly brutal and ruthless. The horrific and saddest result of slavery in The United States is that race prejudice still exists today. I am not saying that blacks are thought of as they were in the 18th century, but in The United States today, especially in the South, there is still discrimination towards colored people. After slavery was abolished in The United States, by no mean did that make the whites and blacks have equal rights. Even after the abolition of slavery, a black man still could not vote, give testimony in court for a white man, marry white women, hold office, and many other terrible things. Brazil, on the other hand, as writer Herbert Alexander puts it, â€Å"the race problem had been allowed to solve itself. † For example, in the seventeenth century, one of the three main officers when the Brazilians fought the Dutch was Henrique Diaz, a black man. This is something you would have never saw in The United States. The United States and Brazil were one of the last nations to abolish slavery in all of the Americas. The Civil War, which lasted from 1861 to 1865, ended slavery in the United States. In 1888, due to international political pressure, Brazil being the last nation to do it in the Americas, finally abolished slavery. Unlike The United States, Brazil was able to abolish slavery with out catastrophic violence. In both Brazil and The United States, the horrific terror of slavery in the 16th to 19th century is something everyone would want to forget. However, during that time period slavery was the reason why both The United States and Brazil’s economies were both stable and on the rise. Overall, when looking into the history of slavery in both The United States and Brazil, although there are differences and similarities, the time period of slavery explains greatly to why present day life in both unique countries is what it is. Bibliography Alexander, Herbert B. â€Å"Brazilian and United States Slavery Compared. † – Wikisource, the Free Online Library. N. p. , 2 Feb. 2001. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. Bergad, Laird W. The Comparative Histories of Slavery in Brazil, Cuba, and the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2007. Print. Brogan, Hugh. The Penguin History of the United States of America. London: Penguin, 2001. Print. Carmody, Padraig. â€Å"Unit Three: Studying Africa through the Humanities. † Exploring Africa. N. p. , 4 Nov. 2002. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. Carter, Tom. â€Å"Race and Slavery in America. † Opinion Forum RSS. N. p. , 28 Feb. 2009. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. Davis, David Brion. Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World. New York: Oxford UP, 2008. Print. Degler, Carl N. Slavery in Brazil and the United States: An Essay in Comparative History. 4th ed. Vol. 75. Washington, D. C.? : American Historical Association. , 1970. Print. â€Å"Differences In Slave Laws In Colonial Brazil And Colonial British North. † 123HelpMe. com. 10 Dec 2012 Dodson, Howard. â€Å"How Slavery Helped Build a World Economy. † National Geographic. N. p. , 3 Feb. 2003. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. Equiano, Olaudah, and Shelly Eversley. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Or, Gustavus Vassa, the African. New York: Modern Library, 2004. Print. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty! An American History. New York: W. W. Norton , 2008. Print. Gomez, Flavio S. Africans and Slave Marriages in Eighteenth-century Rio De Janeiro. N. p. : Sheridan, n. d. Print. Koster, Henry. Travels to Brazil. New York: Kessinger, 2012. Print. Mattoso, Katia MAE. To Be a Slave in Brazil, 1550-1888. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP, 1986. Print. Mintz, Sean. â€Å"American Slavery in Compara tive Perspective. † Digital History Copyright. Mintz S and McNeil S, 3 Jan. 2003. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. Paine, Thomas. â€Å"African Slavery in America. † Pennsylvania Journal and the Weekly Advertiser. Philadelphia] 14 Apr. 1775: n. pag. Print. Reis, Joao Jose. Slave Rebellion in Brazil: The Muslim Uprising of 1835 in Bahia. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1995. Print. Tony, Dunnel. â€Å"History of African Slavery in Brazil. † Suite101. com. The University of Nottingham, 8 Sept. 2009. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Laird W Bergad. The Comparative Histories of Slavery in Brazil, Cuba, and the United States. Print. 115-120 [ 2 ]. Herbert B. Alexander â€Å"Brazilian and United States Slavery Compared. † Web. 12 Dec. 2012. [ 3 ]. Olaudah Equiano. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano. Print. 35 [ 4 ]. Sean Mintz. â€Å"American Slavery in Comparative Perspective. † Web. 12 Dec. 2012. [ 5 ]. Laird W Bergad. The Comparative Histories of Slavery in Brazil, Cuba, and the United States. Print. 115-120 [ 6 ]. Jose Joao Reis. Slave Rebellion in Brazil: The Uprising of 1835 in Bahia. Print. 8 [ 7 ]. Laird W Bergad. The Comparative Histories of Slavery in Brazil, Cuba, and the United States. Print. 117 [ 8 ]. Carl N. Degler. Slavery in Brazil and the United States: An Essay in Comparative History. Print. 006 [ 9 ]. Herbert B. Alexander â€Å"Brazilian and United States Slavery Compared. † Web. 12 Dec. 2012. [ 10 ]. Flavio S. Gomez. Africans and Slave Marriages in Eighteenth-century Rio De Janeiro. Print. 42-50 [ 11 ]. Carl N. Degler. Slavery in Brazil and the United States: An Essay in Comparative History. Print. 1009 [ 12 ]. Henry Koster. Travels to Brazil. Print. 77 [ 13 ]. Carl N. Degler. Slavery in Brazil and the United States: An Essay in Comparative History. Print. 1012 [ 14 ]. Herbert B. Alexander â€Å"Brazilian and United States Slavery Compared. † Web. 12 Dec. 2012. How to cite Slavery in Brazil, Papers

Managements and Organizations

Questions: It is often believed that many companies are emphasizing on creating high performing teams to gain competitive advantage. Do you agree with this statement? Why? Why not? Use examples from your organisation? In answering this question you are expected to define the relevant terms and definitions. Please include the following concepts in your answer: a. Recent popularity of teams; b. Types of teams and c. Creation of high performing teams. Answers: Part A The two types of management frames taken are authoritative and democratic. The authoritative frame of management is power-oriented, punitive and has controlling power with the management. They believe in imposing rules and regulations on the employees and treat the employees as subordinates to the top management authority. On the other hand, the democratic type of management is employee centred; believe in maintaining good relation with the employee and follow participative principle, in contrast to the directive principle of authoritative management. Further, the former is job centred and the later is employee centred. The former is concerned with the production of the company and the latter is concerned with the people of the company. Lastly, the former is task-oriented and the latter is relationship oriented (Drori et al.2013). In todays changing trend of competition, market , customers, slowly and gradually the authoritative managing organization are changing them to democratic m anagement system. Trump organization is a real estate privately owned company of United States that follows authoritative management (Trump.com 2016). On the other hand, Apple Inc. is multinational technology company of United States. The paper discusses the differences of both in operations (apple.com 2016) In case of authoritative management, the top level employees treat the junior employees as subordinates and believe in imposition of rules and discipline. On the basis of that they formulate strategy. Strategies are generally formulated based on the environment of work and in the authoritative management the work environment is conservative and so the strategies are also formed without any integration with the employees. However, in democratic management, the top management believes in including the employees in the decision making and make them free to discuss their issues. Hence it leads to formulation of strategy integrating the employees. Integration of employees in strategy formulation helps in positive implementation of the strategies as the employees themselves are included in making the strategies so they cooperate full heartedly, in its successful implementation (Fleming and Spicer 2014).Strategic integration is a part of democratic management and the key to its success The traditional managers generally follow their traditional style of operation like in Trump, an authoritative firm, whereas, the entreprens believes in implementing entrepreneurial management, like in Apple Inc. In the former case, the manager are suppose to check the work of the subordinates, like checking on staff time, monetary budgets, efficient level of inputs and others whereas, in the latter case, the entreprens prioritise the activities. They focus more on allocation of resources like time and money, purchase of effective services and expertise. The difference in their approach brings different results (Goetsch and Davis 2014). Both the approach is unique in its own way and also successful to their levels. However, chane become inevitable with changing environment. Doing business in multicultural market is a challenge for both the companies. The consumers taste, preferences and demand widely varies in multicultural market as it is influenced with their style of living, religion, eating habits and other factors. Trump being an authoritative firm tries to satisfy the market demand at its own level adopting different strategies but Apple Inc. first tries to understand the culture of the market and treat people individually with customised products and services. Understanding the culture of the market helps in penetrating the market better than being trying its own strategies without understanding the requirements (Nonaka et al.2014). An authoritative firm believes in making their own market strategies without doing sample study of the market which may bring failures sometimes The difference in culture affects the management practices and their policies. In an authoritative management system, if there is difference in the culture of employees and market, their approach of dealing varies as compared to that in democratic management system. The former will not try to gel with the different culture people and will try to impose the companys rule on them, whereas, the latter will try to make the place of work comfortable for the different cultural people so that they can work effectively and meet the activities of their task efficiently. The conservative style of authoritative management does not bring successful returns to the company in todays global economy and the participative management style is more successful in meeting their goals (Roth 2014). The participative management tries to integrate through different culture and style of work which is inevitable in todays global economy framework. Part B Companies do create high performing team to meet the increasing challenges in the market, especially to gain competitive advantage against the competitors. The Trump organization has formed organization work force where the team members together work under the guidance of the manager or leader to achieve a common goal of gaining competitive advantage in the market. On the other hand, In Apple Inc, self managed team are formed to meet the similar goals. In self managed team, there is no supervisor or leader and the team members are individually accountable for their performances and results of the task assigned. In self managed team, each member of the team id its own mentor and guide and is responsible of his or her performance and achieving the common goal. However, in Trump organization, the leader has the responsibility of the team performance and is accountable to the authority when the team performance is not good (Belbin 2012). In every organization no one can work alone and team work is always required, be it authoritative or democratic management. Every employee has to be a part of the team and need to work in coordination with the team to achieve the common goals and to perform well. There are different types of team and can be formed anywhere irrespective of the type of management. They are permanent team, temporary team, task force, committee, organization work force; self managed teams, cross functional team and virtual team. In an authoritative management practice, the type of teams found is generally, organization work force, committee, permanent and temporary team. On the contrary, the type team formed are generally, self-managed team, virtual team and cross-functional team (Belbin 2012). Apple Inc. team performance has given few leanings that must be followed to have high performing team. Firstly, one person should be in-charge of the project and should be accountable for delivering the work of the team. Secondly, the team must meet once in week to update each other about their output and task status. Third, the top level employees should work in team to have the similar teamwork at the bottom level. Otherwise, the team work filters as we move from top to bottom level of employees. Fourth, each member o the team must trust others and should share their problems openly so that solutions can be found and team performance can be enhanced. Fifth, the member of the team should be open to arguments and should not fear getting into conflict. The fear of conflicts damages the team performance and not the presence of conflicts. Sixth, the team member should be given some leverage to take decisions and every decision should not be subject to committee meetings. It makes the em ployees frustrated and they start delinking themselves from the companys performance. Lastly, the team should work to achieve one goal and every member should be united in reaching the goal (Shafritz et al.2015). The Apple Inc. being a democratic management system do follow the above mention criteria to increase the performance of the team. However, Trump organization being a authoritative management system does not believe in all the criteria and maintain control with the management for the team performances (Starr et al. 2016). Part C There are several factors that motivate the investors to invest overseas besides the value of the currencies. In case of Malaysian investors, similar factors have played the role in increasing the investment in Cambodia. The factors are discussed below. In Cambodia, the labour wages are low that reduces the cost of production for the organization. The government policy is liberal on business and has large consumer market. The country has always maintained good relation with the other countries and has entered a number of trading agreements like Association of South-East Asian nations (ASEAN), Asia Free Trade Area (AFTA), and China- ASEAN Free Trade Area (CAFTA). These trading agreements have made the country to have preferential access for a number of products to some of the worlds richest market (Tremblay 2012). Cambodia has one of the most open economies of the world and has been ranked 35th in terms of economic freedom by Heritage Foundation Index of Economic Freedom. The country has received the rank due to its positive policies towards labour market restrictions, trade policy, regulatory barriers and fiscal burden. However, the country do face economic hurdles in terms of limited infrastructure, poor health care, low government salaries and other problems faced by a less developed country. But in respect of doing business, the country has always supported the investors. The country has also topped the rank among other LDCs, in terms of market friendliness (Walker 2015). The areas in which the country excels and has given easy access to business are tourism and agriculture. Country has liberalised its policy sufficiently for the foreign companies to invest in tourism industry which is a growing industry in the country and has enough potentiality for making profit. The visit of tourist is expected to cross 1 million mark in the next two years and hence demand high quality of facility for the tourist which is possible only through FDI flow. The government of Cambodia has provided built-operate-transfer schemes for the investors to attract them to invest in the country. Further, government has helped the MNCs to avail finance from International Finance Corporation (IFC), Asian Development Bank (ADB) and countries like Japan which act as a donor country for Cambodia (Tremblay 2012). Agriculture sector also has lots of potentiality for foreign investment especially in agro-processing and organic farming. Government has provided the facility to the foreign companies to get into partnership with local farmers with 51% share of equity that has definitely attracted FDI in the country (Walker 2015). Hence, though the value of dollar increases and investment becomes expensive, there are other factors that have encouraged Malaysian investors to invest in the Cambodia. References Apple. 2016.Apple. Belbin, R.M., 2012.Management teams. Routledge. Belbin, R.M., 2012.Team roles at work. Routledge. Drori, G.S., Hllerer, M.A. and Walgenbach, P. eds., 2013.Global themes and local variations in organization and management: perspectives on glocalization. Routledge. Fleming, P. and Spicer, A., 2014. Power in management and organization science.The Academy of Management Annals,8(1), pp.237-298. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. Nonaka, I., Chia, R., Holt, R. and Peltokorpi, V., 2014. Wisdom, management, and organization.Management Learning,45(4), pp.365-376. Roth, S., 2014. The multifunctional organization: Two cases for a critical update for research programs in management and organization.Tamara: Journal for Critical Organization Inquiry,12(3), pp.37-54. Shafritz, J., Ott, J. and Jang, Y., 2015.Classics of organization theory. Cengage Learning. Starr, M.T., Spectra Logic Corporation, 2016.AUTHORITATIVE POWER MANAGEMENT. U.S. Patent 20,160,117,125. Tremblay, D.G., 2012. WorkFamily Balance: Is the Social Economy Sector More Supportive and is this because of its More Democratic Management?.Review of Social Economy,70(2), pp.200-232.