Literary Analysis Of The Cranes - 1467 Words

Caitlin Porter Mrs. Sondag IB Language September 29, 2017 Literary Analysis of â€Å"The Cranes† To love and to be loved is one of the most powerful ideas that is desired by so many within society. True love is something that many people hope to find, but very few are actually successful. While it may be difficult to discover this within our own lives, literature has developed its own role regarding love stories within society. Everyone is drawn to a good love story, a love story that leaves a lasting impression on the reader. Take Romeo and Juliet, while the play was wrote so long ago, the impression had lasted a lifetime all because of the love story that it told. All throughout history this has been taking place and there has†¦show more content†¦But whooping cranes, they’re rare. Not many left† ( Meinke 5-6). The man was not only referring to the birds during this time but also his love for his wife. As they continued to watch the birds they began reminiscing on their younger years together. â€Å"She turne d her head from the window and looking into his eyes. â€Å"I never got tired of listening to you. Never†Ã¢â‚¬  (Meinke 16-17). Through the fighting with a priest and the sickness that has come upon the couple, they never have stopped loving each other. This a love that is unconditional, a love that is true. A love that continues to love with everything that they have no matter what. A love that never gets tired of the other, even if they’ve been together for countless years. A love that is rare, like the whooping cranes. As the day went on and more time passed the wife worried that they were making a mistake, but the husband quickly reassured her. â€Å"I can’t smoke, can’t drink martinis, no coffee, no candy† (Meinke 7-8). Over the years, as they became older certain things such as drinking and smoking were no longer activities that they could partake in. Health issues were clearly apparent and living life a day longer was not something that the y wanted. They wanted to leave together, because a couple with a love as rare as the whooping cranes could not be separated. Another idea that is expressed throughout â€Å"The Cranes† is the idea that the cranes mate for life, which is very symbolic with regardsShow MoreRelateda dark brown dog Essay example899 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Alicia Rush Don Godfrey ENGL 1510 â€Å"A Dark Brown Dog† Analysis In Stephen Crane’s short story of â€Å"A Dark Brown Dog†, he writes about a young boy who finds, neglects, and befriends a ragged puppy, with a rope dragging the ground, when they meet. The boy takes fun in abusing the puppy, but when he tires of this he makes his way home. The puppy, even though the boy was not nice, starts to follows the boy home. When arriving home the boy defends the puppy to claiming him as his own. 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Slavery in Brazil Free Essays

Edmund Burke, the acclaimed author and philosopher once said, â€Å"Slavery is a weed that grows on every soil. † Between the 16th and 19th century in the Americas, millions on millions of slaves were brought to the New World. There purpose was to work. We will write a custom essay sample on Slavery in Brazil or any similar topic only for you Order Now The economy of most European colonies in America was dependent on slaves. The land that was discovered in Americas was useless with out sufficient slave labor to exploit it. In this essay, I will focus on two nations where slavery played an enormous role in the development of that country. First, The United States, where in 1860 in South Carolina over 50 percent of the population were slaves. Next, Brazil, the nation where about one third of all salves from Africa were brought. In this essay I will compare slavery in The United States to slavery in Brazil, I will dissect the similarities and differences while focusing on why and how the slaves came, the demographic and religious aspects, the treatment of the slaves, and the aftermath on both countries due to slavery. Around the year 1530 the Portuguese came to Brazil in search of land and natural resources, specifically sugar. As the Portuguese and the indigenous people of Brazil battled for land, the Brazilians resisted against being enslaved. As the Portuguese presence grew in Brazil so did disease, causing the death of most of the working indigenous people. As the number of sugar plantations grew, the demand for workers did as well. This is the main reason why Brazil began to import slaves from Africa. Although the origin of slaves in The United States was similar to Brazil, there were some differences. In the year 1619, only around 10 years after the British began to colonize US, a Dutch slave trader exchanged about 20 Africans for food in Jamestown, Virginia. Like Brazil, the U. S needed workers for plantations, but while Brazil focused on the sugar plantations, the U. S was focused on the tobacco plantations. In general, both Brazil and the U. S lacked a major resource in order to maintain a strong economy, that resource being workers. Although Brazil used more slaves towards sugar and the U. S used more towards tobacco, in general the slaves worked in mines or they worked in a sugar, rice, tobacco, or cotton plantation. Although the U. S played a larger role in the process, both Brazil and the U. S participated in the Triangular Slave Trade. Some say the Triangular Slave Trade is the reason why 10 to 15 million of Africans were shipped to the Americas between 1650 and 1860. The slave trade was simple yet wrong on so many levels. The slave trade took several different routes, but there were two popular ones. The most common route would first start in Europe where the Europeans would trade manufactured goods for slaves in Africa. Next, the slaves were transported across the Atlantic Ocean to Brazil and the Caribbean where the slaves were sold for huge profits or traded for sugar, coffee, and tobacco. The journey from Africa to the Americas was known as the middle passage. Olaudah Equiano was a slave captured and sold into slavery. In his book, The Life of Olaudah Equiano the African, when describing the middle passage he writes, â€Å"I was soon put down under the decks, and there I received such a greeting in my nostrils as I had never experienced in my life; I became so sick and low that I was not able to eat. I now wished for the last friend, death, to relieve me; but soon, to my grief, two of the white men offered me eatables; and, on my refusing to eat, one of them held me fast by the hands, and laid me across, The white people looked and acted, as I thought, in so savage a manner; for I had never seen among my people such instances of brutal cruelty. The closeness of the place, and the heat of the climate, almost suffocated us. The air soon became unfit for respiration, from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died. The shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, rendered the whole a scene of horror almost inconceivable. As you can tell, the conditions were brutal to say the least. Another popular triangular route taken was ships from the U. S colonies would take rum and other products to Africa in exchange for Slaves. From there, the slaves were taken to Brazil and the Caribbean and sold for profit or sold for sugar and molasses to take back to the U. S where then the sugar and molasses was sold to rum makers. In general, the slave trade was horrific and inhumane, however, it is the reason that the U. S and Brazil were able to maintain a steady economy. Although there were many similarities between the Brazilian slaves and the U. S slaves, there were quite a few specific differences as well. One of the largest differences in slavery between Brazil and the U. S was demographic. Generally speaking, the Brazilian slaves were usually decreasing while the U. S slaves were usually increasing. This is due to several reasons. First, the Brazilians had a much lower proportion of female slaves compared to the U. S who had an equal sex ratio. In Brazil, due to the lack of female slaves, they had a much lower birth rate then the U. S did. Both the death rate and suicide rate was also higher in Brazil compared to the U. S. Due to the low birthrate and the high death rate, Brazil had trouble to maintain a population resulting in having to continuously import slaves. On the other hand, the average number of children born to an early 19th century U. S slave woman was 9. 2; this is twice as many as Brazil and the Caribbean. All these reasons are why Brazil had a much larger number of recent arrivals from Africa while the U. S had a predominately American slave born population. Also, this is why out of the millions and millions of Africans who were brought to the New World, over one-third landed in Brazil and between 60 and 70 percent ended up in Brazil or the sugar colonies of the Caribbean. According to Henry John Temple, the well-known British Prime Minister of the 19th century, he suggests that there were about 3,000,000 slaves in Brazil in the 19th century. Although it is hard to know the exact number, most historians agree that it was around 3,000,000, which would be about forty percent of the whole population. On the other side, in 1860, the slaves in the U. S were only about 13 percent of the entire population. Generally speaking, in Brazil slaves worked on much larger plantations then in the U. S. Most Brazilian plantations held about 150 slaves per plantation. In the U. S, it was quite different. According to Carl Deglar, who wrote, Slavery in Brazil and the United States, he states, â€Å"Out of all the plantations in the U. S, more the half the slaves worked on units with 20 slaves or less. † In the U. S it would not be uncommon for the slaves to deal with their owners on a daily basis, while in Brazil some worked on plantations with hundreds and hundreds of other slaves where it would be rare to encounter your owner. When comparing Brazil and the U. S today, the demographic differences during the days of slavery is one of the main reasons why the two countries are so different One may think that since the slaves were brought to the U. S and Brazil for similar reasons then they all were treated the same, had the same rights, and were viewed the same. Although this is by no means entirely false, there are a few specific differences on how the slaves were treated in the US compared to how the slaves were treated in Brazil. Religion among the slaves was vital for some while non-existent for others. In the U. S, religion was discouraged for the slaves. The average white American slave owner thought there was no need to ever have a slave practice a religion. This could be due to the fact that nowhere in the Catholic Christian teachings does it say it’s acceptable to enslave and treat a fellow Christian as the owners were treating their slaves. In 1831, Virginia passed a law stating, â€Å"Slaves and free Negroes were forbidden to preach, exhort or teach in any prayer-meeting or other association for worship where slaves of different families are collected together on penalty of not more than thirty-nine lashes. In Brazil, the Christianity of a slave was viewed quite different. Some slave owners even viewed it as an essential for a slave to work on his farm. In some cases the slaves would even have to perform a religious ritual even before they stepped foot in Brazil. Instead of being viewed as complete property, the slaves in Brazil were given a chance to practice a religion, in pa rticular, practice the teachings of the Catholic Church. The slaves that departed from Angola, Africa to Brazil were baptized before they got on board the ship. When they arrived in Brazil, the slaves were acknowledged as baptized and had to begin learning the prayers, doctrines, and functions of the Church. In Brazil, marriage was actually acceptable and valid. In 1711, the Constituicoes Primeiras of the Archbishopric of Bahia reaffirmed the legitimacy of marriages between slaves, and between free persons and slaves. According to the Constituicoes, masters could not prevent their slaves from marrying, nor could they separate them once they had wed. Although this may sound promising, it sounds better then it actually was. Most slave owners did not abide by the law that you could not separate a married slave. In general, they still viewed them more as property then people. According to Fernando Henrique Cardoso, the former president of Brazil, he states, â€Å"Of the 660,000 slaves in all of Brazil in 1875, who were 14 years or older, only about 1 out of 6 was recorded as married or widowed. † In terms of religion, it is true that the Brazilian slaves had more rights then the U. S slaves, but not by much. As you can see both the U. S and Brazilian slave owners were more determined on making profit by making the slaves strenuously work then anything else. Although both Brazil and U. S slave owners had complete ownership and control over their slave, the way they treated them did differ between countries. Theoretically, both Brazil and the U. S had laws against murder, abuse, and over working the slave. The difference is, generally speaking, in Brazil some of those laws were carried out while in the U. S, it was rare to see anyone ever defend a slave. In the U. S, the slave owner acted as the judge and jury for any issue involving his slave. In Brazil, a slave had somewhat of a right to a jury. For instance, say a slave owner murdered his slave in the U. S. In most cases it would go unheard of, but even if it were taken to court, it would have been extremely rare if the owner were prosecuted for anything. Now, if a slave owner murdered his slave in Brazil, by law the court should have prosecuted the case as if the slave was a free man. Although it may sound that slavery in Brazil was a lot less harsh, in reality, this judicial approach in Brazil is what should have happened, but as you can guess, it rarely ever did. Henry Koster, a famous German author and film director, in his novel, Travels to Brazil, he states, â€Å"occasionally a cruel master was fined for maltreating his slaves but, I have never heard of a punishment having been carried farther then this trifling manner of correction. † Although by law, the Brazilians compared to the U. S had stricter laws protecting the slaves, when it comes down to the truth, in both countries the slave was viewed more as property then human, mistreating your slave was seen as mistreating your property. One of the biggest differences when comparing U. S slavery to Brazilian slavery concerns manumission. Manumission, meaning the act of freeing a slave, was undoubtedly less common in the U. S compared to Brazil. The number proportion of free slaves in Brazil compared to the number proportion to free slaves in the U. S proves that manumission was more frequent in Brazil. In 1818, for every one free African in Brazil, there were only three slaves. This ratio is compared to with that in the U. S in 1860, when for every one free African, there were eight slaves. By 1872, the number of free Africans in Brazil was more then double the amount that were still slaves. The numbers show that there’s indisputable evidence to prove that manumission was more frequent in Brazil. It is important to note that Brazilian slave owners were freeing the sick and the old more so then the U. S, however, the sick and the old simply would not have been capable to produce offspring in numbers to explain the large number of free Africans in Brazil. Marvin Harris, the famous American anthropologist, along with many other historians suggests another explanation to why there were such a higher percentage of free Africans in Brazil compared to The United States. As stated before, in Brazil in the late 19th century, the free Africans greatly outnumbered the slaves. The big difference was that Brazil needed those free Africans in order to maintain their economy. The free black slaves in Brazil produced food, were craftsmen, and even slave catchers. They performed the tasks that slave labor was too hard to achieve and the whites thought they were too good to do. This was not the occurrence in The United States. First, the U. S was importing more food rather then growing it like Brazil did, and the food that was being produced in the U. S was produced by whites in the South and Northwest. Also, the U. S had enough white men to perform the tasks that the free Africans in Brazil were doing. Therefore, for the U. S there was no economic reason for the whites to turn towards manumission as Brazil did. It did not matter if you were a slave in Brazil, The United States, Caribbean, Central America, or anywhere else, something that they all had in common was the attempt to run and become a free man. Some succeeding, some did not. In Brazil, escaped slaves formed communities like the ones they were forced to leave in their homeland. These communities were called quilombos. Compared to the U. S, the slaves in Brazil had a greater and a better chance for escape. The number of escaped slaves, the number of revolts, and the size of the quilombos were all greater in Brazil. Although there were plenty of revolts and escapes in the US, generally speaking, there were fewer participants then Brazil. In most of The United States, the climate was to cold in the winter to survive on your own compared to Brazil where the climate was reasonable. Also, Brazil was full of forests to hide in compared to the U. S where the areas were policed heavier. The large quilomobs communities in Brazil may contribute to the fact that today, in Brazil the blacks are seen as Brazilians while in certain parts of The United States, the blacks are still seen as Africans. During the days of slavery, discrimination towards blacks was clearly brutal and ruthless. The horrific and saddest result of slavery in The United States is that race prejudice still exists today. I am not saying that blacks are thought of as they were in the 18th century, but in The United States today, especially in the South, there is still discrimination towards colored people. After slavery was abolished in The United States, by no mean did that make the whites and blacks have equal rights. Even after the abolition of slavery, a black man still could not vote, give testimony in court for a white man, marry white women, hold office, and many other terrible things. Brazil, on the other hand, as writer Herbert Alexander puts it, â€Å"the race problem had been allowed to solve itself. † For example, in the seventeenth century, one of the three main officers when the Brazilians fought the Dutch was Henrique Diaz, a black man. This is something you would have never saw in The United States. The United States and Brazil were one of the last nations to abolish slavery in all of the Americas. The Civil War, which lasted from 1861 to 1865, ended slavery in the United States. In 1888, due to international political pressure, Brazil being the last nation to do it in the Americas, finally abolished slavery. Unlike The United States, Brazil was able to abolish slavery with out catastrophic violence. In both Brazil and The United States, the horrific terror of slavery in the 16th to 19th century is something everyone would want to forget. However, during that time period slavery was the reason why both The United States and Brazil’s economies were both stable and on the rise. Overall, when looking into the history of slavery in both The United States and Brazil, although there are differences and similarities, the time period of slavery explains greatly to why present day life in both unique countries is what it is. Bibliography Alexander, Herbert B. â€Å"Brazilian and United States Slavery Compared. † – Wikisource, the Free Online Library. N. p. , 2 Feb. 2001. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. Bergad, Laird W. The Comparative Histories of Slavery in Brazil, Cuba, and the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2007. Print. Brogan, Hugh. The Penguin History of the United States of America. London: Penguin, 2001. Print. Carmody, Padraig. â€Å"Unit Three: Studying Africa through the Humanities. † Exploring Africa. N. p. , 4 Nov. 2002. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. Carter, Tom. â€Å"Race and Slavery in America. † Opinion Forum RSS. N. p. , 28 Feb. 2009. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. Davis, David Brion. Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World. New York: Oxford UP, 2008. Print. Degler, Carl N. Slavery in Brazil and the United States: An Essay in Comparative History. 4th ed. Vol. 75. Washington, D. C.? : American Historical Association. , 1970. Print. â€Å"Differences In Slave Laws In Colonial Brazil And Colonial British North. † 123HelpMe. com. 10 Dec 2012 Dodson, Howard. â€Å"How Slavery Helped Build a World Economy. † National Geographic. N. p. , 3 Feb. 2003. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. Equiano, Olaudah, and Shelly Eversley. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Or, Gustavus Vassa, the African. New York: Modern Library, 2004. Print. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty! An American History. New York: W. W. Norton , 2008. Print. Gomez, Flavio S. Africans and Slave Marriages in Eighteenth-century Rio De Janeiro. N. p. : Sheridan, n. d. Print. Koster, Henry. Travels to Brazil. New York: Kessinger, 2012. Print. Mattoso, Katia MAE. To Be a Slave in Brazil, 1550-1888. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP, 1986. Print. Mintz, Sean. â€Å"American Slavery in Compara tive Perspective. † Digital History Copyright. Mintz S and McNeil S, 3 Jan. 2003. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. Paine, Thomas. â€Å"African Slavery in America. † Pennsylvania Journal and the Weekly Advertiser. Philadelphia] 14 Apr. 1775: n. pag. Print. Reis, Joao Jose. Slave Rebellion in Brazil: The Muslim Uprising of 1835 in Bahia. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1995. Print. Tony, Dunnel. â€Å"History of African Slavery in Brazil. † Suite101. com. The University of Nottingham, 8 Sept. 2009. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Laird W Bergad. The Comparative Histories of Slavery in Brazil, Cuba, and the United States. Print. 115-120 [ 2 ]. Herbert B. Alexander â€Å"Brazilian and United States Slavery Compared. † Web. 12 Dec. 2012. [ 3 ]. Olaudah Equiano. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano. Print. 35 [ 4 ]. Sean Mintz. â€Å"American Slavery in Comparative Perspective. † Web. 12 Dec. 2012. [ 5 ]. Laird W Bergad. The Comparative Histories of Slavery in Brazil, Cuba, and the United States. Print. 115-120 [ 6 ]. Jose Joao Reis. Slave Rebellion in Brazil: The Uprising of 1835 in Bahia. Print. 8 [ 7 ]. Laird W Bergad. The Comparative Histories of Slavery in Brazil, Cuba, and the United States. Print. 117 [ 8 ]. Carl N. Degler. Slavery in Brazil and the United States: An Essay in Comparative History. Print. 006 [ 9 ]. Herbert B. Alexander â€Å"Brazilian and United States Slavery Compared. † Web. 12 Dec. 2012. [ 10 ]. Flavio S. Gomez. Africans and Slave Marriages in Eighteenth-century Rio De Janeiro. Print. 42-50 [ 11 ]. Carl N. Degler. Slavery in Brazil and the United States: An Essay in Comparative History. Print. 1009 [ 12 ]. Henry Koster. Travels to Brazil. Print. 77 [ 13 ]. Carl N. Degler. Slavery in Brazil and the United States: An Essay in Comparative History. Print. 1012 [ 14 ]. Herbert B. Alexander â€Å"Brazilian and United States Slavery Compared. † Web. 12 Dec. 2012. How to cite Slavery in Brazil, Papers

Managements and Organizations

Questions: It is often believed that many companies are emphasizing on creating high performing teams to gain competitive advantage. Do you agree with this statement? Why? Why not? Use examples from your organisation? In answering this question you are expected to define the relevant terms and definitions. Please include the following concepts in your answer: a. Recent popularity of teams; b. Types of teams and c. Creation of high performing teams. Answers: Part A The two types of management frames taken are authoritative and democratic. The authoritative frame of management is power-oriented, punitive and has controlling power with the management. They believe in imposing rules and regulations on the employees and treat the employees as subordinates to the top management authority. On the other hand, the democratic type of management is employee centred; believe in maintaining good relation with the employee and follow participative principle, in contrast to the directive principle of authoritative management. Further, the former is job centred and the later is employee centred. The former is concerned with the production of the company and the latter is concerned with the people of the company. Lastly, the former is task-oriented and the latter is relationship oriented (Drori et al.2013). In todays changing trend of competition, market , customers, slowly and gradually the authoritative managing organization are changing them to democratic m anagement system. Trump organization is a real estate privately owned company of United States that follows authoritative management (Trump.com 2016). On the other hand, Apple Inc. is multinational technology company of United States. The paper discusses the differences of both in operations (apple.com 2016) In case of authoritative management, the top level employees treat the junior employees as subordinates and believe in imposition of rules and discipline. On the basis of that they formulate strategy. Strategies are generally formulated based on the environment of work and in the authoritative management the work environment is conservative and so the strategies are also formed without any integration with the employees. However, in democratic management, the top management believes in including the employees in the decision making and make them free to discuss their issues. Hence it leads to formulation of strategy integrating the employees. Integration of employees in strategy formulation helps in positive implementation of the strategies as the employees themselves are included in making the strategies so they cooperate full heartedly, in its successful implementation (Fleming and Spicer 2014).Strategic integration is a part of democratic management and the key to its success The traditional managers generally follow their traditional style of operation like in Trump, an authoritative firm, whereas, the entreprens believes in implementing entrepreneurial management, like in Apple Inc. In the former case, the manager are suppose to check the work of the subordinates, like checking on staff time, monetary budgets, efficient level of inputs and others whereas, in the latter case, the entreprens prioritise the activities. They focus more on allocation of resources like time and money, purchase of effective services and expertise. The difference in their approach brings different results (Goetsch and Davis 2014). Both the approach is unique in its own way and also successful to their levels. However, chane become inevitable with changing environment. Doing business in multicultural market is a challenge for both the companies. The consumers taste, preferences and demand widely varies in multicultural market as it is influenced with their style of living, religion, eating habits and other factors. Trump being an authoritative firm tries to satisfy the market demand at its own level adopting different strategies but Apple Inc. first tries to understand the culture of the market and treat people individually with customised products and services. Understanding the culture of the market helps in penetrating the market better than being trying its own strategies without understanding the requirements (Nonaka et al.2014). An authoritative firm believes in making their own market strategies without doing sample study of the market which may bring failures sometimes The difference in culture affects the management practices and their policies. In an authoritative management system, if there is difference in the culture of employees and market, their approach of dealing varies as compared to that in democratic management system. The former will not try to gel with the different culture people and will try to impose the companys rule on them, whereas, the latter will try to make the place of work comfortable for the different cultural people so that they can work effectively and meet the activities of their task efficiently. The conservative style of authoritative management does not bring successful returns to the company in todays global economy and the participative management style is more successful in meeting their goals (Roth 2014). The participative management tries to integrate through different culture and style of work which is inevitable in todays global economy framework. Part B Companies do create high performing team to meet the increasing challenges in the market, especially to gain competitive advantage against the competitors. The Trump organization has formed organization work force where the team members together work under the guidance of the manager or leader to achieve a common goal of gaining competitive advantage in the market. On the other hand, In Apple Inc, self managed team are formed to meet the similar goals. In self managed team, there is no supervisor or leader and the team members are individually accountable for their performances and results of the task assigned. In self managed team, each member of the team id its own mentor and guide and is responsible of his or her performance and achieving the common goal. However, in Trump organization, the leader has the responsibility of the team performance and is accountable to the authority when the team performance is not good (Belbin 2012). In every organization no one can work alone and team work is always required, be it authoritative or democratic management. Every employee has to be a part of the team and need to work in coordination with the team to achieve the common goals and to perform well. There are different types of team and can be formed anywhere irrespective of the type of management. They are permanent team, temporary team, task force, committee, organization work force; self managed teams, cross functional team and virtual team. In an authoritative management practice, the type of teams found is generally, organization work force, committee, permanent and temporary team. On the contrary, the type team formed are generally, self-managed team, virtual team and cross-functional team (Belbin 2012). Apple Inc. team performance has given few leanings that must be followed to have high performing team. Firstly, one person should be in-charge of the project and should be accountable for delivering the work of the team. Secondly, the team must meet once in week to update each other about their output and task status. Third, the top level employees should work in team to have the similar teamwork at the bottom level. Otherwise, the team work filters as we move from top to bottom level of employees. Fourth, each member o the team must trust others and should share their problems openly so that solutions can be found and team performance can be enhanced. Fifth, the member of the team should be open to arguments and should not fear getting into conflict. The fear of conflicts damages the team performance and not the presence of conflicts. Sixth, the team member should be given some leverage to take decisions and every decision should not be subject to committee meetings. It makes the em ployees frustrated and they start delinking themselves from the companys performance. Lastly, the team should work to achieve one goal and every member should be united in reaching the goal (Shafritz et al.2015). The Apple Inc. being a democratic management system do follow the above mention criteria to increase the performance of the team. However, Trump organization being a authoritative management system does not believe in all the criteria and maintain control with the management for the team performances (Starr et al. 2016). Part C There are several factors that motivate the investors to invest overseas besides the value of the currencies. In case of Malaysian investors, similar factors have played the role in increasing the investment in Cambodia. The factors are discussed below. In Cambodia, the labour wages are low that reduces the cost of production for the organization. The government policy is liberal on business and has large consumer market. The country has always maintained good relation with the other countries and has entered a number of trading agreements like Association of South-East Asian nations (ASEAN), Asia Free Trade Area (AFTA), and China- ASEAN Free Trade Area (CAFTA). These trading agreements have made the country to have preferential access for a number of products to some of the worlds richest market (Tremblay 2012). Cambodia has one of the most open economies of the world and has been ranked 35th in terms of economic freedom by Heritage Foundation Index of Economic Freedom. The country has received the rank due to its positive policies towards labour market restrictions, trade policy, regulatory barriers and fiscal burden. However, the country do face economic hurdles in terms of limited infrastructure, poor health care, low government salaries and other problems faced by a less developed country. But in respect of doing business, the country has always supported the investors. The country has also topped the rank among other LDCs, in terms of market friendliness (Walker 2015). The areas in which the country excels and has given easy access to business are tourism and agriculture. Country has liberalised its policy sufficiently for the foreign companies to invest in tourism industry which is a growing industry in the country and has enough potentiality for making profit. The visit of tourist is expected to cross 1 million mark in the next two years and hence demand high quality of facility for the tourist which is possible only through FDI flow. The government of Cambodia has provided built-operate-transfer schemes for the investors to attract them to invest in the country. Further, government has helped the MNCs to avail finance from International Finance Corporation (IFC), Asian Development Bank (ADB) and countries like Japan which act as a donor country for Cambodia (Tremblay 2012). Agriculture sector also has lots of potentiality for foreign investment especially in agro-processing and organic farming. Government has provided the facility to the foreign companies to get into partnership with local farmers with 51% share of equity that has definitely attracted FDI in the country (Walker 2015). Hence, though the value of dollar increases and investment becomes expensive, there are other factors that have encouraged Malaysian investors to invest in the Cambodia. References Apple. 2016.Apple. Belbin, R.M., 2012.Management teams. Routledge. Belbin, R.M., 2012.Team roles at work. Routledge. Drori, G.S., Hllerer, M.A. and Walgenbach, P. eds., 2013.Global themes and local variations in organization and management: perspectives on glocalization. Routledge. Fleming, P. and Spicer, A., 2014. Power in management and organization science.The Academy of Management Annals,8(1), pp.237-298. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. Nonaka, I., Chia, R., Holt, R. and Peltokorpi, V., 2014. Wisdom, management, and organization.Management Learning,45(4), pp.365-376. Roth, S., 2014. The multifunctional organization: Two cases for a critical update for research programs in management and organization.Tamara: Journal for Critical Organization Inquiry,12(3), pp.37-54. Shafritz, J., Ott, J. and Jang, Y., 2015.Classics of organization theory. Cengage Learning. Starr, M.T., Spectra Logic Corporation, 2016.AUTHORITATIVE POWER MANAGEMENT. U.S. Patent 20,160,117,125. Tremblay, D.G., 2012. WorkFamily Balance: Is the Social Economy Sector More Supportive and is this because of its More Democratic Management?.Review of Social Economy,70(2), pp.200-232.

ghosts of mississippi Essay Example

ghosts of mississippi Essay On the night of June 13th 1963, President John F. Kennedy was giving his speech on Civil Rights.Among the many thousands of people in America viewing this event on National Television were Myrlie Evers and her three children.Suddenly, this occurrence was rudely disrupted by the deathly sound of a loud gunshot.Frantically running to their driveway, Myrlie and the kids found Medgar Evers shot in the back and lying in a pool of blood gasping for his last breath.Myrlie clung on to her husbands body as she and the children wept for this mans life.Almost thirty years later, the man charged with this murder would be tried again in a court of law, in front of a different jury of eight blacks and four whites.Justice was going to be served in the state of Mississippi no matter how long it was going to take. This murder case was tried in the racist state of Mississippi in the racist period of 1963.The judge was also a racist white man by the name of Moore and the jury consisted of twelve men. All white.Much evidence was presented to the court, such as the gun used to kill Medgar Evers consisting of fingerprints belonging to the convicted, Byron de la Beckwith.Byron and his vehicle were also spotted at the parking lot of Joes Drive-thru, a block away from the Evers household, on the night of the murder.On the other hand, two white men, Holly and Cresswell, claimed to have witnessed Byron de la Beckwith at a gas station in Greenwood, 90-95 miles away from the scene, on the same night.This case was tried twice ending both times in a hung jury, leaving Byron innocent and free of charge. Twenty-six years later, on October 1989, Myrlie Evers seeks to reopen the Medgar Evers case.A Mississippi lawyer named Bobby Delaughter, the son-in-law of Judge Moore, slowly took this task into his hands and dug up information and such on this forgotten trial.Upon making this decision, his wife leaves him, but he l

Research Paper Sample on Australia The System of Government

Research Paper Sample on Australia The System of Government As Australia prospers as a nation the debate to change from its current status of a constitutional monarchy to a Republic increasingly gains momentum. However, the 1993 referendum showed the majority of Australians don’t support this change and as John Howard an avowed monarchist colloquially argues â€Å"If it it’s not broken, don’t fix it†. Australia should stop arguing this issue and move forward as we have done so well in the past. In 1901 Australia’s separate colonies united under a constitutional monarchy embracing our independence while still respecting the cultural ties with Britain. The evolution of Australia from British colony to independent nation has seen many amendments to the constitution including The Australian Act 1986, Statute of Westminster and oath of citizenship. The Australian Republic Movement (ARM) established in 1993 by Labour Prime Minister Paul Keating argues Australia should accelerate towards a Republic despite the process is with far reaching ramifications and without substantial gains. Since the early 1900’s the pro- republic stance after 102 years advocates Australians to adopt an unclarified alternative and as Kerry Jones states, â€Å"accept an unstable system that is complex and deeply flawed†. (Article) Therefore, it can be seen that Australia’s constitutional monarchy that has matured to be a unique and effectively Australia’s system of govern ment be continued to serve us in the future as it has in the past. In 1998 a $35 million constitutional Convention comprising of 152 delegates agreed on a sole preposition (Appendix 1) being of minimal constitutional change in order for Australia to proclaim Republic. As a consequence of John Howard’s ultimatum various Republican models were not explored. In I999 a constitutional referendum costing $55 million, 54.87% of Australians voted against replacing the Queen and Governor General with a President who would be appointed by a two third majority of the members of the Commonwealth and, 60.60% of Australian voted against an insertion of a preamble into the constitution. (Appendix 2) The defeated referendum result contradicted the opinion shown in polls earlier (Appendix 1) that the majority of Australians supported a Republic. It seems in theory Australians want a Republic, albeit in practise active republicans have always been a minority. The path to a Republic debate now has little chance of being successful without John Howard’s support and when only 8 referendums out of 42 to change the constitution have succeeded. Australian’s are sceptical. Les Murray a Republican, has said Australians won’t vote for a republic unless they trust it and ‘they sure can’t trust the one they are being offered at the moment (Australian 20 September 1993) Not only has the Republic debate divided Australia, it has divided republican’s themselves. (Appendix 5) â€Å" Put any two Republicans together and they will disagree on what a republic entails† (The Defender Issue 1 May 1999 page 2) Considering, a clarified and vague republican model has been the sole proposition it is better to protect what Australia knows has already worked. To introduce an undefined Republican model Australians may possibly condemn future generations to live under an inferior system of government. A republican model must be analysed before being implemented and not after. Considering, this republican model is a blueprint it in Australia’s best interests to stay a constitutional monarchy. The ARM aimed to make minimum constitutional changes necessary to achieve a viable Federal Republic of Australia. Therefore, it’s as if Australia need sacrifice nothing in terms of the integrity of our present political institutions and the idea that a Republic is just a change in tittle. At the same time the Republicans argue, ‘Australia needs to become a republic to demonstrate its independence, identity, and maturity.’(Mark Mc Kenna republic.org.au) Australia has by far demonstrated to have cut the umbilical cord from the motherland and formed a mature independent identity while still respecting out traditional means. â€Å"Under our system of government Australia long ago achieved complete independence symbolised by the Queens title being changed, by her own consent and by Act of the Australian Parliament, to Queen of Australia.† (norepublic.com.au/) Appropriate amendments to the constitution have reflected the shift in Australian society and kept up to date with the times. In 1994 the oath of allegiance was amended to remove reference to the Crown (Appendix 3) to reflect core values in Australia. The Australian Act 1986, condensed the Queens power in Australia and proclaimed that â€Å"the United Kingdom parliament now has no legislative authority whatsoever in respect of Australia† (www.alphalink.com.au) Furthermore, the role of the Governor General a rather ceremonial position has changed from being formally a Queens’s representative appointed by the British government, into an Australian appointed by the PM who takes advice from Australian Ministers. Australia’s governor general, Guy Green from Tasmania was only recently nominated by the Prime Minister. By becoming a Republic would not be an affirmation of our nationhood as we already play an independent role. The fact Australia held the Olympic games, raises their own army and diplomatic corps, engages in their own foreign affairs, treaties, determines al one their future and makes decisions eg going to Vietnam War without Britain, proves Australian’s independence from Britain. The Commonwealth is part of our history and constitutional development that serves proudly as out own. The Republicans major argument that Australia is not independence does not exist. The Republicans have failed to consider the intricate ramifications of an Australian Republic and even what shape the new constitution should take. At the constitutional convention in 1999 no assessment of such developments were proposed and central answers are overlooked. While Republicans want to replace the Queen the enormous implication of doing so are not manufactured and new institutional foundations and restrictions of the new office established. By removing the Queen new offices must be devised and complicated mechanisms implemented. Becoming a Republic raises issues that are still not answered such as; what will become of Crown land, a resolution to the position of the states, who will be the new president, method of appointment, length of tenure, power restrictions and importantly how will be president be appointed. â€Å" A president selected by the Prime Minister would lack democratic legitimacy; a president elected by the people would have more authority than a Prime mi nister elected by MP’s†. (Quote) This de position power inturn can cause struggles for power, feasible political deadlock and mean enormous alterations to the constitution. Additionally, the Australian states individually have their own monarchist constitution and in the event of become a Republic it is unclear if monarchies remain and, if not what is required to bring them into conformity with a republican Commonwealth. It can be seen that the Republican movement is far from an improvement from a constitutional monarchy. A major flaw is that the model ignores to even recognise reconciliation, an essential component of any future republic. â€Å"To declare a republic that failed to embrace reconciliation as one of it’s founding principles would not be a republic at all- nor would it be a Republic would having† (Mark Mc Kenna) Australia should vote No to Republic that does not answer Australia’s needs and will be extremely costly financially, and emo tionally. If we became a Republic the Republican advisory Committee estimated in 1994 the election for a president would cost $45 million minimum each time. The constitutional monarchy should be accepted to incur no further financial costs to taxpayers on the Republican issue. The Federal Parliament’s time without doubt could be better spent debating more relevant and crucial issues. In practise Australia is a Republic in every sense worth worrying about, the constitution derives from the people, the government is democratically elected and the PM answers to parliament. In an Advisory Committee’s report stated Australia is a ‘crowned’ Republic. The Queen, Elizabeth II is a leading figurehead as her political responsibilities and power is very limited. In Australian she is evident on Australia’s money and far from foreign as she’s in the papers and television. There is a generation of Australian’s that take great pride in the constitution and respectably admire the Queen. (Appendix _) The Queens is an educated faithful monarch who republican admit is more appropriate for the job. â€Å"quote†. Economically a Governor General would cost far more than a Queens who only has her security paid for when in Australia. The Queens still has a place in our democratic society and to replace the Queens would create enormous upheaval with no advantage. It is the Governor- General, and not the Queen, who exercise the powers of the Head of State, so that becoming a republic means money, time lost on a constitutional re-write that will give us what we already have. â€Å"If the republicans are right and nothing will really change, why bother? If, on the other hand, they’re playing down the extent of flow-on changes, why take the risk’? (Quote) Republican base their argument on the need to being independent and have an Australian as head of state but when we already have both there is no reason to risk changing. The republican movement may be an inevitable event in Australia’s with a welcoming future generation. It is important to maintain an open mind to different Republican models. It is not out of the question undertake radical amendments to their constitutions it must be remembered in the 1890’s the dramatically changes turned out to be a successful constitution. It seems in theory Australians want a republic but not in practise, until terms offered are clarified and understood. There is a low level of public understanding on the matter and a number of hurdles to jump before Australia can even comp template implementing a Republican model. It’s only when political division is ironed out and society gains the real Republican agenda a referendum would be of no success.

Is less student purchase text books from school book store. Why or why Essay

Is less student purchase text books from school book store. Why or why not - Essay Example While indicative of the changing trend in the overall consumer purchasing behavior, the findings reveal the more immediate threat that the on-campus bookstore is facing. In the changing circumstances, the management needs to re-align its core business of selling with technology. This paper and the research undertaken by the author are aimed at discovering the book-purchasing habits of the students, and also endeavors to find out the possible reasons for their reluctance to buy from the on-campus bookstore. The above objectives were sought to be achieved through a primary research, using a close-ended questionnaire on a sample of 50 students. A literature survey was also conducted to establish how the consumer behavior is being modified by e-commerce, and how other bookstores are coping with the change. The author has observed, personally and through his interactions with his colleagues, teachers and staff, that there has been a debilitating trend in the book-purchasing behavior of students buying books through on-campus bookstores. The requirements of college course-work have become more and more challenging, and a student is continuously facing the daunting challenge of coming up with exemplary references in his papers. Not only he needs access to a gamut of the prescribed books, he also needs to embellish his work with sources, not yet available through his local campus. Online Libraries and online book vendors provide a cheaper and faster alternative for the academic needs of the students. M-commerce and e-commerce are making forays into the academic life, making available to him an array of study material, books, and journals right at his doorstep. There has also been a revolution in the availability of free information online – through search engines like Google and Yahoo, a student can get access to whatever data he needs while sitting at home. In addition to the changing economy (the IT boom, availability

ITunes price changes hurt some rankings Assignment

ITunes price changes hurt some rankings - Assignment Example The article points out that two days after Apple iTunes Music store raised its prices on some individuals tracks, the sales dipped and with that the rankings of the songs. The iTunes top 100 chart registered 40 songs at $1.29 and 60 songs at the normal $0.99 price point. After the price change, the $1.29 songs lost 5.3 places on the chart while the $0.99 songs gained an average 2.5 chart positions. These changes give a general idea of how incremental changes in revenue can be reached. Moving up and down the chart impacts the revenue greatly which in turn is impacted by price changes. These changes are solely chart position, but a general idea of incremental changes in revenue can be reached. By looking at the unit sales of the most recent Soundscan top track downloads chart, the different between chart positions can offer a view into how moving up and down the chart impacts revenue. An assumption here is that the iTunes Top 100 chart is representative of the Soundscan top track downl oads chart. Given its market dominance, this is a reasonable assumption. I chose this article because it gives a good idea of how small changes in price can turn around Sales. A significant notion raised by this article is the way in which how prices alter the rankings of songs in the music industry. The prices change the rankings and the rankings which in turn impact sales and revenue. This article relates to chapter nine of our text book in which key issues related to initiating and responding to price changes are discussed. Buyer reaction to price changes are a result of the value the customers see in the price change. (Glenn Peoples) Works Cited Glenn Peoples, Nashville. How iTunes Price Changes Hurt Some Rankings. 10 April 2009. 19 May 2011 . Article: 7 in 10 Americans say High gas prices hurt This article is related to a recent chapter that we covered from our text book. Customers don’t react to price changes in a very straight forward way. A price increase is expected to lower sales. This is because a brand’s price and its image are closely tied together. Price changes will alter consumer perception about a particular product and the way they want to consume it. Thus price is a very critical factor. I chose this article because it offers insight into how price changes in a mandatory commodity such as gas influences the common man. The survey was conducted by USA today in which they asked people if recent changes in prices of gasoline have impacted them financially. 7 in 10 Americans believed it did. More than half of them claimed that they have had to make changes to account for higher prices of gasoline. 21% of them felt the impact so heavily that they believed it jeopardized their standard of living. (Stauss) Stauss, Gary. 7 in 10 Americans say high gas prices hurt . 18 May 2011. 19 May 2011 . Article: Apple and Starbucks announce music partnership The article talks of the Apple and Starbucks music partnership. Under this partnership, cu stomers at Starbucks will be able to wirelessly browse, look around for music, buy and download music from the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store at Starbucks on their iPod touch, iphone, Mac or PCs running iTunes in a participating location. They will also be available to avail the new â€Å"Now Playing† service under which the name of the song playing in the Starbucks store at that particular moment will be shown. They will then be able to buy and download songs directly to their device. The partnership will benefit both Apple and Starbucks and is a classic example of horizontal marketing. I selected this article because I felt that having free access to the iTunes Wi-Fi Music store and the Now Playing service of Starbucks is a great ways to attract customers to both Starbucks and Apple iTunes. It will trigger greater revenues for both companies. This